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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Oncology · October 14, 2026
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Background Residual cancer burden (RCB) after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) provides prognostic information, but its combination with immune microenvironment features for recurrence prediction remains underexplored. Methods This single-center retrospective cohort study included 420 consecutive patients with breast cancer who underwent neoadjuvant therapy followed by definitive surgery between January 2015 and June 2024. Residual cancer burden (RCB) and post-neoadjuvant immune features, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), CD8, FOXP3, and the proportion of CD163-positive among CD68-positive macrophages, were assessed. Patients were stratified by calendar era and randomly partitioned within strata into a training cohort (n=294) and an internal hold-out validation cohort (n=126). A LASSO-penalized Cox workflow was used for predictor selection, followed by unpenalized Cox refitting. Model performance was evaluated using C-statistics, time-specific Brier scores, calibration, bootstrap internal validation, and 5-year time-dependent decision curve analysis. Results During a median follow-up of 61 months, 126 first recurrence events were observed (88 training and 38 validation). The final combined model retained RCB category, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), CD8 status, and CD163-positive macrophage proportion. The combined model achieved C-statistics of 0.79 (95% CI 0.75-0.83) in the training cohort and 0.75 (95% CI 0.69-0.81) in the internal validation cohort, with corresponding 5-year Brier scores of 0.142 and 0.158. Bootstrap internal validation yielded an optimism-corrected C-statistic of 0.772 and calibration slope of 0.92. The combined model provided the greatest net benefit among the evaluated models over 5-year threshold probabilities of approximately 15%-45%. Conclusions Integration of RCB with TNBC status and post-neoadjuvant CD8 and CD163-positive macrophage features may provide incremental prognostic information for recurrence after neoadjuvant therapy. The model showed acceptable internal discrimination and calibration, but external validation is required before clinical implementation or treatment-directed use.