Loading
Life sciences · Journal article
Acs Biomaterials Science & Engineering · October 20, 2026
No summary has been generated for this record yet. What follows is drawn from its source metadata only.
Journal article.
No findings were extractable from the material analysed.
Safety was not reported in the material analysed. Check the source before drawing any conclusion about harm.
The source did not state who this applies to in practice.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
This record has not been graded across any dimension yet. Treat the label above as provisional and read the source.
What is missing. This record has no bottom line, key findings, reported figures, evidence dimensions. That is a gap in the analysis, not a judgement about the study.
Abstract Fulvestrant (FLV) is a selective estrogen receptor degrader used for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Nevertheless, its delivery is limited by low aqueous solubility and repeated intramuscular administration. Considering these drawbacks, a high-permeation vesicle-in-gel system (HPV-gel) was explored as a localized transdermal approach for FLV and evaluated for its physicochemical, permeation, cellular, pharmacokinetic, antitumor, and safety performance. Accordingly, FLV/HPVs were prepared using soya phosphatidylcholine and a ternary permeation-enhancer combination of sodium oleate (SO), diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (DEGEE), and propylene glycol (PG). Enhancer proportions were optimized using a D-optimal mixture design based on vesicle size, PDI, and entrapment efficiency. The optimized composition contained 80% phospholipid and 20% of a permeation enhancer mixture, comprising SO, DEGEE, and PG in a ratio of 6:1.5:2.5. FLV/HPVs showed a particle size of 94.02 ± 1.10 nm, a PDI of 0.241 ± 0.029, a zeta potential of –38.6 ± 1.2 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 85.79 ± 3.72%, a practical drug loading of 8.58 ± 0.16%, and a deformability index of 1.62 ± 0.08. The optimized vesicles were incorporated into a 1.5% w/v Carbopol 934P gel and compared with FLV-gel and FLV/Lipo-gel with the same gel base and an equivalent FLV amount. FLV/HPVs-gel showed sustained drug release and increased FLV permeation by nearly 8-fold and 3-fold compared with FLV-gel and FLV/Lipo-gel, respectively, with higher intradermal retention and deeper dermal distribution. Following topical administration, FLV/HPVs-gel increased Cmax by ∼8.3- and ∼2-fold and AUC0-168 h by ∼8.1- and ∼2.6-fold compared with FLV-gel and FLV/Lipo-gel, respectively, while showing plasma concentration–time profile closer to FLV (i.m.). In 4T1 tumor-bearing mice, FLV/HPVs-gel showed the strongest tumor-suppressive effect, accompanied by greater intratumoral penetration, while biochemical parameters, major organ histology, TEWL, and skin histology indicated acceptable systemic and local safety. Overall, FLV/HPVs-gel improved skin permeation, drug exposure, and antitumor activity, suggesting its potential as a noninvasive transdermal approach for FLV in breast cancer therapy.