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Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays / Breast Neoplasms / Photothermal Therapy · Journal article
International Journal of Hyperthermia · July 14, 2026
Encouraging direction, but not yet definitive.
This meta-analysis of nine breast cancer xenograft studies demonstrates that doxorubicin-loaded graphene nanoplatform chemo-photothermal therapy significantly suppresses tumor volume compared to photothermal therapy alone, with highly consistent effects across studies. However, the evidence remains preclinical with insufficient reporting of survival, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, and clearance data necessary for clinical translation.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies. Animal studies investigating DOX-loaded graphene nanomaterial-mediated chemo-photothermal therapy in breast cancer xenograft tumors. Intervention: Doxorubicin-loaded graphene nanoplatform chemo-photothermal therapy. Compared with: Photothermal therapy alone. n = 92.
Pooled standardized mean difference for relative tumor volume was -2.20 (95% CI: -2.76 to -1.65, p < 0.0001) Heterogeneity was negligible at I² = 0.0% Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses yielded pooled SMDs ranging from -2.09 to -2.37
Limited reporting of survival outcomes, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, and clearance Absolute tumor volume changes and specific toxicity metrics not reported in pooled analysis
The robust preclinical antitumor effect warrants further investigation, but clinicians should recognize that standardized survival, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, and elimination studies are needed before clinical application. Current evidence supports short-term tolerability but not definitive clinical translation.
Meta-analysis of preclinical xenograft models demonstrates significant tumor suppression, but limited safety and translational data prevent clinical extrapolation.
As stated by the source record.
Quoted from the source exactly as published.
The robust preclinical antitumor effect warrants further investigation, but clinicians should recognize that standardized survival, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, and elimination studies are needed before clinical application. Current evidence supports short-term tolerability but not definitive clinical translation.
Graded across the dimensions that decide whether you should act, each from what the source actually supports. There is no single score, and where a dimension was not assessed it says so.
Objective. To systematically evaluate the efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded graphene nanoplatform chemo-photothermal therapy (CPT) compared with photothermal therapy (PTT) alone on relative tumor volume (RTV) in breast cancer xenograft models and to summarize reported secondary safety and translational endpoints.Methods. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for animal studies published from January 2010 to December 2025 investigating DOX-loaded graphene nanomaterial-mediated CPT in breast cancer xenograft tumors. Hedges' g was used as the effect size measure, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, publication bias, subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and qualitatively reported secondary endpoints were assessed.Results. Nine breast cancer xenograft studies were included, involving 46 animals in the CPT group and 46 in the PTT group. The pooled SMD was -2.20 (95% CI: -2.76 to -1.65, p < 0.0001), with negligible heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%). Subgroup analyses showed no statistically significant differences by cell line, graphene type, or publication period (all p > 0.05). Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses yielded pooled SMDs from -2.09 to -2.37. Funnel plot inspection and Egger's test suggested mild small-study asymmetry, but Trim-and-Fill correction did not change the direction or significance of the result. Secondary endpoint extraction showed limited survival, toxicity, biodistribution, and clearance reporting, supporting short-term tolerability but not definitive clinical translation.Conclusion. DOX-loaded graphene nanoplatform CPT was associated with significantly greater suppression of RTV than PTT alone in breast cancer xenograft models. The evidence supports a robust preclinical antitumor association while highlighting the need for standardized survival, long-term toxicity, biodistribution, and elimination studies before clinical application.
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