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Life sciences · Preprint
arXiv · October 30, 2026
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We study realizable PAC learning under approximate differential privacy, and give a framework for proving lower bounds on its sample complexity. We construct classes with identical VC and Littlestone dimensions but different private sample complexities at common privacy and accuracy parameters, showing that these dimensions do not determine the sample complexity, even for improper learners. To address this we introduce the Independent Class Packing (ICP) parameter, the largest total sample complexity of classes in $\mathcal{G}$ that can be packed independently into a class $\mathcal{H}$, and prove that every $(\varepsilon, δ)$-DP, $(α, β)$-PAC learner for $\mathcal{H}$, possibly improper, uses $Ω\left(\mathrm{ICP}(\mathcal{H}, \mathcal{G})/(α\varepsilon)\right)$ examples. Using this framework we prove tight lower bounds for axis-aligned rectangles, union of intervals and linear subspaces and improved lower bounds for halfspaces and convex polygons. Finally we also show that for product classes, and more generally when the same classes pack into $\mathcal{H}$ and cover its domain so that target labels can be used directly, ICP characterizes private PAC sample complexity up to logarithmic factors.