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Life sciences · Interventional Study
ClinicalTrials.gov · September 18, 2026
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Interventional Study.
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Registry record from ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07474974). This is a study registration, not published results. Lead sponsor: Polytechnic Institute of Porto. Recruitment status: RECRUITING. Phase: NA. Study type: INTERVENTIONAL. Enrollment: 44 participants (ESTIMATED). Conditions: Depression - Major Depressive Disorder, Treatment Resistant Depression. Interventions: DEVICE: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Primary outcome measures: Chromatic pupillometry , Baseline (pre-intervention), Post-intervention (a day immediately after the end of intervention) and Follow-up (2 months after the end of intervention). Brief summary: This research explores the potential of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), particularly intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs), as biomarkers for predicting response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). We also aim to assess the impact of TMS treatment on RGCs and ipRGCs in TRD patients, investigating associations with clinical improvements and cognitive status. A clinical trial involving 44 patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) will be conducted. All participants will receive rTMS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Data will be collected pre- and post-intervention, as well as at a 2-month follow-up, using multiple outcome measures, including the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR). The project seeks to confirm the effectiveness of TMS and the potential of RGCs/ipRGCs as predictors of treatment response, thereby facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies for TRD patients undergoing rTMS therapy.