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Electrolyte and Hormonal Disorders · Journal article
BMC Public Health · August 6, 2026
Early or partial results. Treat as a signal, not a conclusion.
This cross-sectional baseline analysis of 487 Korean adults with obesity found no statistically significant associations between habitual sodium intake and prevalence of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. Exploratory sex-stratified biomarker analyses identified differences in atherogenic lipid markers (LDL-C, non-HDL-C, CRI-I, CRI-II) across sodium tertiles in women only, a pattern the authors acknowledge as hypothesis-generating and requiring longitudinal confirmation.
Cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort baseline data. Korean adults with obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) and at least one metabolic condition recruited from Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.. Intervention: Habitual sodium intake (assessed by food frequency questionnaire, analysed by tertiles). Compared with: Sodium intake tertiles. n = 487. Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
No statistically significant associations between sodium intake and prevalence of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease in the overall sample In women, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, CRI-I, and CRI-II differed across sodium tertiles No differences in biomarkers across sodium tertiles observed in men
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The null primary findings suggest sodium restriction may not be a primary lever for metabolic disease management in this obese population with existing metabolic conditions. The exploratory sex-stratified lipid findings in women warrant hypothesis testing in prospective analyses but should not guide clinical practice without confirmation.
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline cohort data with null primary findings and exploratory sex-stratified subgroup results that the authors themselves designate as hypothesis-generating and requiring confirmation.
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The null primary findings suggest sodium restriction may not be a primary lever for metabolic disease management in this obese population with existing metabolic conditions. The exploratory sex-stratified lipid findings in women warrant hypothesis testing in prospective analyses but should not guide clinical practice without confirmation.
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Abstract Background Sodium intake is well recognized for its contribution to hypertension, but growing evidence suggests broader metabolic effects, particularly among individuals with obesity who are vulnerable to metabolic disturbances. This study investigated the cross-sectional associations between habitual sodium intake and metabolic diseases and related markers using baseline data from a prospective cohort of Korean adults with obesity. Methods Participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) and at least one metabolic condition were recruited from Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. Sodium intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire, and associations with diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were evaluated using multivariable regression models. Mean differences in metabolic markers across sodium tertiles were examined using analysis of covariance with sex stratification. Results Of the 633 individuals enrolled, 487 with obesity were included in the final analysis after excluding non-obese participants and those with implausible energy intake. No statistically significant associations were observed between sodium intake and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, or cardiovascular disease. In sex-stratified biomarker analyses, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, CRI-I, and CRI-II differed across sodium tertiles among women, whereas no such differences were observed in men. Conclusions In Korean adults with obesity and pre-existing metabolic conditions, increasing sodium intake was not significantly associated with higher prevalence of major metabolic diseases. In exploratory sex-stratified analyses, several atherogenic lipid markers differed across sodium intake tertiles among women only. This within-women pattern should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and requires confirmation in future longitudinal analyses of this cohort.
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