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Life sciences · Journal article
Frontiers in Veterinary Science · October 23, 2026
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Canine nasal carcinoma (NC) is highly malignant and progressive, with metastasis. Radiation therapy is a common treatment; however, it has various drawbacks, including cost and anesthetic risks in elderly patients. Therefore, the development of alternative anti-cancer drug therapies has been required. In this study, we established an NC organoid culture method as an experimental model and explored more effective therapeutic targets. NC organoids were generated from patient-derived tissues from diseased dogs with NC. Electron microscopy of NC organoids revealed goblet cell differentiation with mucus granules and luminal structures. Immunohistochemical staining was positive for CK19, E-cadherin, and Ki67, and their expression patterns corresponded to those in the original tissues. Furthermore, NC organoids were tumorigenic in immunodeficient mice. We identified useful supplements for culturing NC organoids and found that each NC organoid line exhibited different sensitivities to anti-cancer drugs. RNA sequencing was performed using samples from healthy dogs and NC organoids. Pathways related to MYC targets, oxidative phosphorylation, and protein secretion were enriched in NC organoids compared with normal nasal cells. Among the differentially expressed genes, S100A2 was selected for further functional investigation based on its increased expression and previously reported involvement in cancer-related processes. S100A2 knockdown reduced cell proliferation and invasiveness, supporting a functional contribution of S100A2 to malignant phenotypes in canine NC. These findings establish canine NC organoids as an experimental platform for investigating canine NC biology and provide a basis for future comparative studies.