AUG 30, 2026 · JOURNAL ARTICLE
Botulinum toxin as an innovative treatment for depression and anxiety disorders: a review of clinical evidence and mechanisms of action
Medical Science
A narrative review of mechanistic hypotheses and heterogeneous clinical evidence without a systematic synthesis, meta-analysis, or primary trial data; the source itself states more research is needed and does not quantify efficacy.
Reported
MDD prevalenceapproximately 5% of the general population
Treatment-resistant depression ra…nearly one-third of patients