AUG 11, 2026 · JOURNAL ARTICLE
The pre-treatment tumor microenvironment immune status determines Bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy response in early-stage bladder cancer
Cancer Immunology Research
A mechanistic study identifying a novel immunosuppressive microenvironment biomarker (MFAP2+ CAF) associated with BCG failure in bladder cancer, based on patient tumour analysis with potential for predicting response, but lacking validation in a prospective cohort or clinical trial.
Reported
BCG failure rateover half of patients